Many users regularly encounter the read-only attribute, which will prevent most software from allowing the user to overwrite or append to a file. Software can be designed to override this option, often after receiving confirmation from the user. The archive attribute is used by various backup and file copy programs as a hint as to whether a file needs to be backed up.[2] The hidden attribute makes affected files invisible in many programs, although a variety of software, especially software designed for listing, viewing, and searching files, allows hidden files to be made visible, often with a notation that they have been designated as hidden. The system attribute is used to designate certain operating system files and affects the operation of most software less than the other attributes.
Mac OS X Leopard
Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of Mac OS X, Apple’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on 26 October 2007 as the successor of Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4), and is available in two variants: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. Steve Jobs stated at Macworld 2008 that over 20% of Macs use Leopard as their operating system.[1] Leopard was superseded by Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6). Leopard is the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture as Snow Leopard solely functions on Intel based Macs. With the release of Snow Leopard, Leopard will only be maintained with security updates until the next shipping version of Mac OS X.
According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements over its predecessor, Mac OS X Tiger,[2] covering core operating system components as well as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Flow visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility called Time Machine, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front Row and Photo Booth, which were previously included with only some Mac models.
Apple missed Leopard's release time frame as originally announced by Apple’s CEO Steve Jobs. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007.[3] A year later, this was amended to Spring 2007;[4] however on 12 April 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone
Operating Ststem
An operating system is the software on a computer that manages the way different programs use its hardware, and regulates the ways that a user controls the computer.[1][2] Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer with multiple programs—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Some popular modern operating systems for personal computers include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux[3] (see also: list of operating systems, comparison of operating systems).
Because early computers were often built for only a single task, operating systems did not exist in their proper form until the 1960s.[4] As computers evolved into being devices that could run different programs in succession, programmers began putting libraries of common programs (in the form of computer code) onto the computer in order to avoid duplication and speed up the process. Eventually, computers began being built to automatically switch from one task to the next. The creation of runtime libraries to manage processing and printing speed came next, which evolved into programs that could interpret different types of programming languages into machine code. When personal computers by companies such as Apple Inc., Atari, IBM and Amiga became popular in the 1980s, vendors began adding features such as software scheduling and hardware maintenance.
An operating system can be divided into many different parts. One of the most important parts is the kernel, which controls low-level processes that the average user usually cannot see: it controls how memory is read and written, the order in which processes are executed, how information is received and sent by devices like the monitor, keyboard and mouse, and deciding how to interpret information received by networks. The user interface is the part of the operating system that interacts with the computer user directly, allowing them to control and use programs. The user interface may be graphical with icons and a desktop, or textual, with a command line. Another similar feature is an Application programming interface, which is a set of services and code libraries that let applications interact with one another, as well as the operating system itself. Depending on the operating system, many of these components may not be considered an actual part. For example, Windows considers its user interface to be part of the operating system, while many versions of Linux do not.
Gestalt
Die Gestalt is a German word for form or shape. It is used in English to refer to a concept of 'wholeness' (see wiktionary entry here). Gestalt may also refer to:
- Gestalt psychology (or Gestalt theory), a theory of mind and brain, describing the Gestalt effect.
- Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy, a method of psychotherapy based on Gestalt psychology
- Gestalt therapy, a form of psychotherapy built on the experiential ideal of "here and now" and relationships with others and the world.
- Gestalt (Mac OS), an environment-query function in Mac OS.
- Gestalt (manga), an anime manga and OVA series
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